牛骨文教育服务平台(让学习变的简单)

问题

你想实现一个状态机或者是在不同状态下执行操作的对象,但是又不想在代码中出现太多的条件判断语句。

解决方案

在很多程序中,有些对象会根据状态的不同来执行不同的操作。比如考虑如下的一个连接对象:

class Connection:
    """普通方案,好多个判断语句,效率低下~~"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.state = "CLOSED"

    def read(self):
        if self.state != "OPEN":
            raise RuntimeError("Not open")
        print("reading")

    def write(self, data):
        if self.state != "OPEN":
            raise RuntimeError("Not open")
        print("writing")

    def open(self):
        if self.state == "OPEN":
            raise RuntimeError("Already open")
        self.state = "OPEN"

    def close(self):
        if self.state == "CLOSED":
            raise RuntimeError("Already closed")
        self.state = "CLOSED"

这样写有很多缺点,首先是代码太复杂了,好多的条件判断。其次是执行效率变低,因为一些常见的操作比如read()、write()每次执行前都需要执行检查。

一个更好的办法是为每个状态定义一个对象:

class Connection1:
    """新方案——对每个状态定义一个类"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.new_state(ClosedConnectionState)

    def new_state(self, newstate):
        self._state = newstate
        # Delegate to the state class

    def read(self):
        return self._state.read(self)

    def write(self, data):
        return self._state.write(self, data)

    def open(self):
        return self._state.open(self)

    def close(self):
        return self._state.close(self)


# Connection state base class
class ConnectionState:
    @staticmethod
    def read(conn):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @staticmethod
    def write(conn, data):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @staticmethod
    def open(conn):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @staticmethod
    def close(conn):
        raise NotImplementedError()


# Implementation of different states
class ClosedConnectionState(ConnectionState):
    @staticmethod
    def read(conn):
        raise RuntimeError("Not open")

    @staticmethod
    def write(conn, data):
        raise RuntimeError("Not open")

    @staticmethod
    def open(conn):
        conn.new_state(OpenConnectionState)

    @staticmethod
    def close(conn):
        raise RuntimeError("Already closed")


class OpenConnectionState(ConnectionState):
    @staticmethod
    def read(conn):
        print("reading")

    @staticmethod
    def write(conn, data):
        print("writing")

    @staticmethod
    def open(conn):
        raise RuntimeError("Already open")

    @staticmethod
    def close(conn):
        conn.new_state(ClosedConnectionState)

下面是使用演示:

>>> c = Connection()
>>> c._state
<class "__main__.ClosedConnectionState">
>>> c.read()
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    File "example.py", line 10, in read
        return self._state.read(self)
    File "example.py", line 43, in read
        raise RuntimeError("Not open")
RuntimeError: Not open
>>> c.open()
>>> c._state
<class "__main__.OpenConnectionState">
>>> c.read()
reading
>>> c.write("hello")
writing
>>> c.close()
>>> c._state
<class "__main__.ClosedConnectionState">
>>>

讨论

如果代码中出现太多的条件判断语句的话,代码就会变得难以维护和阅读。这里的解决方案是将每个状态抽取出来定义成一个类。

这里看上去有点奇怪,每个状态对象都只有静态方法,并没有存储任何的实例属性数据。实际上,所有状态信息都只存储在 Connection 实例中。在基类中定义的 NotImplementedError 是为了确保子类实现了相应的方法。这里你或许还想使用8.12小节讲解的抽象基类方式。

设计模式中有一种模式叫状态模式,这一小节算是一个初步入门!